在本文中，我们在具有线性阈值激活功能的神经网络上提出了新的结果。我们精确地表征了这种神经网络可表示的功能，并且显示2个隐藏层是必要的并且足以表示类中可表示的任何功能。鉴于使用其他流行的激活功能的神经网络的最近精确的可比性调查，这是一个令人惊讶的结果，这些功能使用其他流行的激活功能，如整流的线性单元（Relu）。我们还给出了代表类中任意函数所需的神经网络的大小的精确界限。最后，我们设计了一种算法来解决具有固定架构的这些神经网络的全球最优性的经验风险最小化（ERM）问题。如果输入维度和网络架构的大小被认为是固定常数，则算法的运行时间是数据样本大小的多项式。该算法的意义上是独一无二的，即它适用于任何数量的层数，而先前的多项式时间全局最佳算法仅适用于非常受限制的架构类。

我们有助于更好地理解由具有Relu激活和给定架构的神经网络表示的功能。使用来自混合整数优化，多面体理论和热带几何的技术，我们为普遍近似定理提供了数学逆向，这表明单个隐藏层足以用于学习任务。特别是，我们调查完全可增值功能是否完全可以通过添加更多层（没有限制大小）来严格增加。由于它为神经假设类别代表的函数类提供给算法和统计方面，这个问题对算法和统计方面具有潜在的影响。然而，据我们所知，这个问题尚未在神经网络文学中调查。我们还在这些神经假设类别中代表功能所需的神经网络的大小上存在上限。

学习排名 - 制作特定于查询的项目的排名列表以及一组监督项目 - 是一个普遍兴趣的问题。我们认为的设置是没有分析描述构成良好排名的设置。取而代之的是，我们有一个包含（目标项目，有趣的项目集）对的表示和监督信息的集合。我们在仿真中进行了分析证明，在实际数据示例中，当监督与“这几个相似的项目相似”时，通过使用整数线性程序组合表示来进行排名是有效的。尽管这项提名任务是相当普遍的，但对于特异性，我们从图表中的顶点提名的角度介绍了我们的方法论。本文描述的方法是模型不可知论。

Drug dosing is an important application of AI, which can be formulated as a Reinforcement Learning (RL) problem. In this paper, we identify two major challenges of using RL for drug dosing: delayed and prolonged effects of administering medications, which break the Markov assumption of the RL framework. We focus on prolongedness and define PAE-POMDP (Prolonged Action Effect-Partially Observable Markov Decision Process), a subclass of POMDPs in which the Markov assumption does not hold specifically due to prolonged effects of actions. Motivated by the pharmacology literature, we propose a simple and effective approach to converting drug dosing PAE-POMDPs into MDPs, enabling the use of the existing RL algorithms to solve such problems. We validate the proposed approach on a toy task, and a challenging glucose control task, for which we devise a clinically-inspired reward function. Our results demonstrate that: (1) the proposed method to restore the Markov assumption leads to significant improvements over a vanilla baseline; (2) the approach is competitive with recurrent policies which may inherently capture the prolonged effect of actions; (3) it is remarkably more time and memory efficient than the recurrent baseline and hence more suitable for real-time dosing control systems; and (4) it exhibits favorable qualitative behavior in our policy analysis.

Creativity is an indispensable part of human cognition and also an inherent part of how we make sense of the world. Metaphorical abstraction is fundamental in communicating creative ideas through nuanced relationships between abstract concepts such as feelings. While computer vision benchmarks and approaches predominantly focus on understanding and generating literal interpretations of images, metaphorical comprehension of images remains relatively unexplored. Towards this goal, we introduce MetaCLUE, a set of vision tasks on visual metaphor. We also collect high-quality and rich metaphor annotations (abstract objects, concepts, relationships along with their corresponding object boxes) as there do not exist any datasets that facilitate the evaluation of these tasks. We perform a comprehensive analysis of state-of-the-art models in vision and language based on our annotations, highlighting strengths and weaknesses of current approaches in visual metaphor Classification, Localization, Understanding (retrieval, question answering, captioning) and gEneration (text-to-image synthesis) tasks. We hope this work provides a concrete step towards developing AI systems with human-like creative capabilities.

Large-scale diffusion models have achieved state-of-the-art results on text-to-image synthesis (T2I) tasks. Despite their ability to generate high-quality yet creative images, we observe that attribution-binding and compositional capabilities are still considered major challenging issues, especially when involving multiple objects. In this work, we improve the compositional skills of T2I models, specifically more accurate attribute binding and better image compositions. To do this, we incorporate linguistic structures with the diffusion guidance process based on the controllable properties of manipulating cross-attention layers in diffusion-based T2I models. We observe that keys and values in cross-attention layers have strong semantic meanings associated with object layouts and content. Therefore, we can better preserve the compositional semantics in the generated image by manipulating the cross-attention representations based on linguistic insights. Built upon Stable Diffusion, a SOTA T2I model, our structured cross-attention design is efficient that requires no additional training samples. We achieve better compositional skills in qualitative and quantitative results, leading to a 5-8% advantage in head-to-head user comparison studies. Lastly, we conduct an in-depth analysis to reveal potential causes of incorrect image compositions and justify the properties of cross-attention layers in the generation process.

Breaking down a document or a conversation into multiple contiguous segments based on its semantic structure is an important and challenging problem in NLP, which can assist many downstream tasks. However, current works on topic segmentation often focus on segmentation of structured texts. In this paper, we comprehensively analyze the generalization capabilities of state-of-the-art topic segmentation models on unstructured texts. We find that: (a) Current strategies of pre-training on a large corpus of structured text such as Wiki-727K do not help in transferability to unstructured texts. (b) Training from scratch with only a relatively small-sized dataset of the target unstructured domain improves the segmentation results by a significant margin.

We propose a novel deep neural network architecture to learn interpretable representation for medical image analysis. Our architecture generates a global attention for region of interest, and then learns bag of words style deep feature embeddings with local attention. The global, and local feature maps are combined using a contemporary transformer architecture for highly accurate Gallbladder Cancer (GBC) detection from Ultrasound (USG) images. Our experiments indicate that the detection accuracy of our model beats even human radiologists, and advocates its use as the second reader for GBC diagnosis. Bag of words embeddings allow our model to be probed for generating interpretable explanations for GBC detection consistent with the ones reported in medical literature. We show that the proposed model not only helps understand decisions of neural network models but also aids in discovery of new visual features relevant to the diagnosis of GBC. Source-code and model will be available at https://github.com/sbasu276/RadFormer

Prompt tuning is a new few-shot transfer learning technique that only tunes the learnable prompt for pre-trained vision and language models such as CLIP. However, existing prompt tuning methods tend to learn spurious or entangled representations, which leads to poor generalization to unseen concepts. Towards non-spurious and efficient prompt learning from limited examples, this paper presents a novel \underline{\textbf{C}}ounterfactual \underline{\textbf{P}}rompt \underline{\textbf{L}}earning (CPL) method for vision and language models, which simultaneously employs counterfactual generation and contrastive learning in a joint optimization framework. Particularly, CPL constructs counterfactual by identifying minimal non-spurious feature change between semantically-similar positive and negative samples that causes concept change, and learns more generalizable prompt representation from both factual and counterfactual examples via contrastive learning. Extensive experiments demonstrate that CPL can obtain superior few-shot performance on different vision and language tasks than previous prompt tuning methods on CLIP. On image classification, we achieve 3.55\% average relative improvement on unseen classes across seven datasets; on image-text retrieval and visual question answering, we gain up to 4.09\% and 25.08\% relative improvements across three few-shot scenarios on unseen test sets respectively.

意见摘要是创建摘要的任务，以获取用户评论中的流行意见。在本文中，我们介绍了Geodesic Summarizer（GeoSumm），这是一种新型系统，可执行无监督的提取意见摘要。 GeoSumm涉及基于编码器的表示模型，该模型将文本表示为潜在语义单元的分布。 GeoSumm通过在多个解码器层上对预训练的文本表示进行字典学习来生成这些表示。然后，我们使用这些表示形式使用新型的基于测量距离的评分机制来量化审查句子的相关性。我们使用相关得分来确定流行意见，以构成一般和特定方面的摘要。我们提出的模型GeoSumm在三个意见摘要数据集上实现了最先进的性能。我们执行其他实验来分析模型的功能，并展示跨不同域{\ x}的概括能力。